Recovery From Hard Exercise;
Sport Nutrition
by Nancy Clark

If you are an avid exerciser or competitive athlete, you have undoubtedly noticed the latest hype surrounding recovery nutrition. The sports supplement industry is bombarding us with commercial recovery foods and fluids that generally offer some combination of carbohydrates and protein.

Questions arise -- How important is proper post-exercise nutritional recovery? And, how essential are these products to your sports performance? The purpose of this article is to help you refuel appropriately after workouts and optimize your performance.

If you are a fitness exerciser--an athletic person who works out three or four times a week for 30 to 60 minutes -- you can be less focused on recovery nutrition than the athlete who works to fatigue one or two times a day. Your body does not become depleted during fitness workouts, plus you have plenty of time to refuel before your next exercise session. However, if you are an athlete who exercises to exhaustion, does double workouts and needs to rapidly recover from one exercise bout to prepare for the next one, your recovery diet deserves full attention.

A few examples include -- soccer players in a weekend tournament, swimmers competing in two events at a meet, wheelchair athletes doing two-a-day workouts and, yes, even the compulsive exerciser who spends too much time at the health club. You will be able to perform better during repeated bouts of hard exercise if you have planned your recovery diet and have the right foods and fluids readily available to adequately replace calories, carbohydrates, protein, fluids, and sodium.

Calories

If you are tired, time-crunched and without a nutrition recovery plan, you might have trouble consuming enough calories (as well as carbohydrates) and fail to replace depleted glycogen stores. A simple solution is to quench your thirst (and abate your hunger) by drinking less water and more cranberry, grape, or any other appealing fruit juice. Juices provide the fluid you need, as well as carbohydrates and calories.

If you are trying to lose weight by restricting calories, your best bet is to fuel adequately by day to ensure strong workouts. Then, have a lighter dinner and fewer evening snacks. Do not try to restrict by day and exercise on empty; you will have poor workouts.

Carbohydrates

To replenish depleted blood sugar and muscle glycogen stores and recover from the demands of strenuous exercise, plan to consume carbohydrates as soon as tolerable, preferably within 30 minutes post-exercise. Muscles rely on carbohydrates for fuel, so think again if you are on an Atkins-type low carbohydrate diet.

Athletes who weigh 100 to 200 pounds need 75 to 150 grams (300 to 600 calories) of carbohydrates repeatedly every two hours, for six hours. The trick is to plan ahead and have the right foods and fluids readily available for frequent snacking. Otherwise, you may neglect your recovery diet by mindlessly eating nothing -- or whatever is around--donuts, burgers, hot dogs, nachos, chips, and other high fat choices that fail to refuel your muscles. If you have trouble tolerating solid food, experiment with liquid recovery foods such as Instant Breakfast, Boost, chocolate milk, or fruit smoothies, excellent sources of carbohydrates plus fluids, as well as a little protein.

Protein

Consuming some protein along with the carbohydrates stimulates faster glycogen replacement. The protein also optimizes muscular repair and growth. Yes, you can buy commercial recovery foods such as Hammer Pro or Endurox R4, but you can just as easily and appropriately enjoy cereal with milk, fruit yogurt, bagel with a little peanut butter, or any other sports snacks that offer a foundation of carbohydrates with an accompaniment of protein (i.e., 40 grams carbohydrates, 10 grams protein).

Fluids

If you have become very dehydrated (as indicated by scanty, dark urine), you may need 24 to 48 hours to totally replace this loss. Because thirst poorly indicates whether or not you have had enough to drink, throughout the day sip on enjoyable (non-alcoholic) beverages until your urine is pale yellow (like lemonade), not concentrated, dark (like beer). Fruit juices, smoothies, and milk shakes offer both nutritional and health value, more so than sports drinks. For example, orange juice contains 20 times more potassium than Gatorade. Preventing dehydration during exercise is preferable to treating dehydration post-exercise.

To determine your fluid needs, simply weigh yourself naked before and after an hour of hard exercise during which you drank nothing. The weight loss reflects sweat loss. You can then develop a schedule for drinking adequate fluids during exercise to minimize sweat losses and hasten recovery. A two pound per hour loss equals 32 ounces or 1 quart. This can be prevented by drinking 8 ounces every 15 minutes of exercise.

Sodium

When you sweat, you lose some sodium (a part of salt). You are unlikely to deplete your body's sodium supply unless you sweat hard for more than 4 to 6 hours. Most athletes easily replace sodium losses within the context of a standard American diet that offers 6 to 12 times the amount of needed salt. But if you eat primarily all natural or unprocessed foods, and simultaneously add little or no salt to your meals, you might consume inadequate sodium. This can hinder fluid retention. Eating salty foods (soup, pretzels, salted crackers, table salt) is an appropriate part of a recovery diet for most healthy athletes. Sports drinks are only a weak source of sodium compared to munching on salty snacks. That is, 8 ounces of Gatorade offers only 110 mg of sodium; a handful of pretzels (0.5 oz) offers 250 mg.

If you need to rapidly recover to prepare for a second bout of exercise within an hour or two and are worried about digestive problems, consuming a tried-and-true sports drink might be a safe choice. But if you can tolerate food, you will be able to refuel and rehydrate better with higher carbohydrate fluids (juices) along with salty snacks--crackers, pretzels, whatever else tastes good and digests comfortably. Foods with a moderate to high Glycemic Index (i.e., sugary sweets, white bread, soft drinks, Jello, honey) are among the best choices. They rapidly enter the blood stream and are readily available for fuel.

Rest

You aren't being lazy if you take a day off after a hard workout; you are investing in your future performance. Your muscles need time (plus adequate carbohydrates and calories) to refuel and heal. Daily hard exercise optimizes glycogen-depletion, dehydration, needless fatigue, and injuries--but not performance!

Sport Nutrition is a regular department of PALAESTRA which addresses issues and answers questions sport-active people of all ages and abilities ask about high energy, healthful eating, and offers a scientific approach to eating for top performance, as well as the practical how-to approach which includes specific food suggestions. Nancy Clark, Director of Nutrition Services for SportsMedicine Brookline, Brookline, MA, and author of Nancy Clark's Sport Nutrition Guidebook and The NYC Marathon Cookbook, is the Department Editor. Visit her web site at www.nancyclarkrd.com. Copyright 2004 Gale Group, Inc. ASAP Copyright 2004 Challenge Publications Limited Palaestra March 22, 2004